Bluetooth

Bluetooth wireless technology is a short-range communications technology intended to replace the cables connecting portable and/or fixed devices while maintaining high levels of security. The key features of Bluetooth technology are robustness, low power, and low cost. The Bluetooth Specification defines a uniform structure for a wide range of devices to connect and communicate with each other.

The structure and the global acceptance of Bluetooth technology means any Bluetooth enabled device, almost everywhere in the world, can connect to other Bluetooth enabled devices located in proximity to one another. 

Connections betweeen Bluetooth enabled electronic devices allow these devices to communicate wirelessly through short-range, ad hoc networks known as piconets. Piconets are established dynamically and automatically asBluetooth enabled devices enter and leave radio proximity meaning that you can easily connect whenever and wherever it's convenient for you.  

Each device in a piconet can also simultaneously communicate with up to seven other devices within that single piconet and each device can also belong to several piconets simultaneously. This means the ways in which you can connect your Bluetooth devices is almost limitless.

A fundamental strength of Bluetooth wireless technology is the ability to simultaneously handle data and voice transmissions. which provides users with a variety of innovative solutions such as hands-free headsets for voice calls, printing and fax capabilities, and synchronization for PCs and mobile phones, just to name a few.

The range of Bluetooth technology is application specific.  The Core Specification mandates a minimum range of 10 meters or 30 feet, but there is no set limit and manufacturers can tune their implementations to provide the range needed to support the use cases for their solutions.

Advantages:

Ø       Widely Used: Bluetooth is now really popular and keeps getting more popular as time passes by. It is now widely used across countries and almost by everyone. Companies are taking the benefit by using this in their new and future products to make life much easier for everyone. Pretty much very soon, you will be noticing quite a bit of technology will be wireless due to Bluetooth. As it is already, but most likely it will be more dominant. You can use Bluetooth on laptops, cell phones, music players, headsets, printers and a lot more other products.

Ø       Feature Simplicity: You do not need to know much about technology in order to run Bluetooth. Anyone that doesn't have no knowledge about the new technology can still be able to use the Bluetooth feature due to its simplicity and the ease of use. I think that the simplicity of it and the fact that it's wire free makes it very widely used and utmost popular.

Ø       Free of Charge: Best of all, you do not have to pay a penny for the service! It's not an extra cell phone or cable bill that you have to add to your budget. Simply by the technology and you're done! All you need to do is connect it with what you are using. There hasn't been any reporting lately on companies charging a monthly fee or any fee for people to use the Bluetooth feature and I don't expect it.

Ø       Go Wireless!: It allows you to stay cord free and do not have to worry about finding the correct place to connect that extra long cord. Avoid having to have a ton of cords wherever you go. You may still need a few cords but not as much as you would without Bluetooth. You can also go to the internet wirelessly with this feature when you're out somewhere outside of your home.

Ø       Your in Control: Even though you are able to exchange data across your cell phones, you still have the ability to keep your information private. In order to make a transfer or allow someone to access the files on your phone, you will have to give them access by accepting or rejecting the request through your phone. If you have the Bluetooth feature enabled on your phone and not disabled while using it, others that you may not even know request to send you a file.

Disadvantages:

Ø       Battery Use: This occurs mostly on your cell phone but also occurs in other technology such as music players. You're using up more battery power when you leave your Bluetooth enabled on your phone all day. To disregard all this, the best thing that you can possibly do is disable it once you are completed with the transfer. It only takes a few seconds to enable and disable so it wouldn't hurt to disable it once you are done using it.

Ø       Bluetooth Internet: Throughout all devices, when using Bluetooth internet, the connection can sometimes run very slow so Bluetooth internet is not highly suggested for all cases.

Ø       As you can notice that there are quite a bit of advantages and fewer disadvantages. Overall, Bluetooth is a great thing to be using on all your devices that supports it. You can do so much with it and includes cutting all the cords attached to your devices.

   

GPS

Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system(GNSS) that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver.

GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (USDOD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It was established in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems.^[1]

In addition to GPS other systems are in use or under development. The Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was for use by the Russian military only until 2007. There are also the planned Chinese Compass navigation system and Galileo positioning systemof the European Union (EU).

Basic concept of GPS

A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that include

§                     the time the message was transmitted

§                     precise orbital information (the ephemeris)

§                     the general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac).

The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and computes the distance to each satellite. These distances along with the satellites' locations are used with the possible aid of trilateration, depending on which algorithm is used, to compute the position of the receiver. This position is then displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation information may be included. Many GPS units show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated from position changes.

Three satellites might seem enough to solve for position since space has three dimensions and a position near the Earth's surface can be assumed. However, even a very small clock error multiplied by the very large speed of light^[27] — the speed at which satellite signals propagate — results in a large positional error. Therefore receivers use four or more satellites to solve for the receiver's location and time. The very accurately computed time is effectively hidden by most GPS applications, which use only the location. A few specialized GPS applications do however use the time; these include time transfer, traffic signal timing, and synchronization of cell phone base stations.

Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions (such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning, inertial navigation, or including information from the vehicle computer) to give a less accurate (degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible.^[28][29][30]

Advantages -

Ø       The GPS is a tool that should supplement good map reading skills.

Ø       The GPS will make navigation easier and more precise over terrain that is not well mapped.

Ø       It can help one determine trail heads, side roads and generally make navigation more enjoyable when landmarks are not well defined.

Ø       It certainly provides a degree of security if one becomes disorientated (lost) and in an emergency situation it could make the difference in finding medical help quickly if a riding buddy were to become injured.

Ø       The more one uses a GPS the more one finds additional uses that make travel more enjoyable!

Ø       A GPS device is extremely handy. When you are hiking, you can deviate from a path without worrying about how you will find your way back.

Ø       When you are driving, GPS-based navigation systems can provide you with turn-by-turn directions, a helpful feature in a strange town.

Ø       Some GPS systems allow you to search the local area for nearby amenities, such as hotels, restaurants and gas stations. This is extremely helpful in some situations. For example, if you are driving cross-country and realize there is a problem with your car, you can search for nearby auto mechanics and select one that is along your route. Your GPS system will show you exactly how to get there.

Ø       GPS devices are perfect for water navigation. Since there are no landmarks in large bodies of water, boaters in the past had to use a compass and a map to determine if they were on the right heading, with somewhat imprecise results. But the advent of GPS systems allowed boaters to figure out their exact position on the map. In situations where underwater hazards are a problem, GPS devices allow boaters to steer around hidden dangers.

Disadvantages

Ø       From personal experience one can tell you that one can become "focused" on the GPS at the risk of not focusing on the road! It takes an effort not to become involved in the GPS over the map.

Ø       Map reading and navigation are skills that should come first and then the GPS used as a secondary means of navigation or confirmation!

Ø       The GPS needs batteries, external power, care and handling.

Ø       It can be another "thing" one must deal with at the cost of the freedom we all look for on a motorcycle. If you are a "free will" type person you may not even want to be encumbered with a GPS.

Ø       Possible failures can arise.You need to carry a backup map and directions in case your GPS fails for some reason. For example, if you are driving down a city street, the buildings may block the satellite signal, preventing you from receiving position updates.

Ø       Inaccuracy by the GSM. GPS signals are not completely accurate. Obstacles like buildings and trees can deflect the signal, causing your position on the GPS screen to be off by as much as 100 feet.

Ø       Atmospheric conditions (such as geomagnetic storms caused by solar activity) may also affect GPS accuracy. For highway driving, this can cause you to miss a turn or exit.

ISDN

What Is ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

ISDN is the abbreviation of Integrated Services Digital Network which is a set of communications standard for instantaneous digital transmission of data, audio, video, and other services related to network, in excess of the conventional circuits of the community switched telephone network. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) was introduced by CCITT in 1988. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a method to transfer voice data with some particular services accessible for data. The major feature of ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is that it put together speech and information on the same line which were not 

The main element of ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) services are ability to deliver maximum data within the combination of voice, data, video, fax, over a single line while it provides at least two instantaneous connections. User can attach several devices to the line according to their need instead of purchasing many analog phone lines.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) make available access to packet switched networks because it is a circuit switched telephone network system. Therefore it provides better quality of voice data than an analog phone. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) also offer 64 kbits/s and in some countries it provides 128 kbites/s in both uploading and downloading. The ISDN-B channel is responsible to provide greater data rate. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a best suit of digital services existing on layer 1, layer2, and layer3 of OSI reference model.

ISDN Advantages

·         The basic advantage of ISDN is to facilitate the user with multiple digital channels. These channels can operate concurrently through the same one copper wire pair.

·         The digital signals broadcasting transversely the telephone lines.

·         ISDN provides high data rate because of digital scheme which is 56kbps.

·         ISDN network lines are able to switch manifold devices on the single line such as faxes, computers, cash registers credit cards readers, and many other devices. These all devices can work together and directly be connected to a single line.

·         ISDN takes only 2 seconds to launch a connection while other modems take 30 to 60 second for establishment.

ISDN Disadvantages

·         The disadvantage of ISDN lines is that it is very costly than the other typical telephone system.

·         ISDN requires specialized digital devices just like Telephone Company.